01 Work, The Art Of The Nude, with footnotes # 56

Salvatore Fiume (1915 - 1997)

Model lying

Oil on Masonite

cm 27 x 36

Private collection

Salvatore Fiume (23 October 1915 – 3 June 1997) was an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, writer and stage designer. His works are kept in some of the most important museums in the world, among which the Vatican Museums, the Hermitage of Saint Petersburg, the Museum of Modern Art of New York City, the Pushkin Museum of Moscow and the Galleria d'Arte Moderna of Milan.

Fiume was born in Comiso, Sicily, in 1915. At the age of sixteen, thanks to his enthusiasm and his passion for art, he won a scholarship to attend the Royal Institute for Book Illustration at Urbino, where he mastered printing techniques from etching to lithography. He ended his studies at the age of twenty-one and moved to Milan. In 1938, at the age of twenty-three, Fiume moved to Ivrea, where he became art director of a cultural magazine. During this time, he wrote his first successful literary work, the novel Viva Gioconda!, published in Milan in 1943.

In 1949 he held his first official exhibition, which included Isole di statue and Città di statue, at the Galleria Borromini in Milan. It aroused much interest among the critics and resulted in him coming into touch with international cultural and artistic institutions.

As a sculptor, he made his debut in 1994. His production includes works in stone, bronze, resin, wood and ceramics, some of which are sizeable. More on Salvatore Fiume

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01 Work, The Art Of The Nude, with footnotes # 55

Tamara de Lempicka, 1898 - 1980

NU ASSIS DE PROFIL, c. 1923

Oil on canvas

32 by 21 1/4 in., 81.2 by 54 cm

Private collection

Lempicka's sleek representations of the female nude are renowned as emblems of the Jazz Age. Painted around 1923 in Paris, the female figure in the present work resembles an Amazonian goddess. Her powerful limbs extend beyond the boundary of the picture and the mechanized appearance and sturdy curvature of her body call to mind the Purist figures in Léger's seminal Le Petit déjeuner. Unlike the more sterile renderings of her contemporaries in the 1920s, Lempicka's nudes channeled an unapologetic brand of female sexuality that few before her had dared to attempt. More on this painting

Tamara Łempicka (born Maria Górska; 16 May 1898 – 18 March 1980), also known as Tamara de Lempicka, was a Polish painter active in the 1920s and 1930s, who spent her working life in France and the United States. She is best-known for her polished Art-Deco portraits of aristocrats and the wealthy, and for her highly-stylized paintings of nudes.

Born in Warsaw, Lempicka moved to Saint Petersburg where she married a prominent Polish lawyer, then emigrated to Paris with her husband following the Russian Revolution. Her style was a blend of late, refined cubism and the neoclassical style, particularly inspired by the work of Jean-Dominique Ingres. She was an active participant in the artistic and social life of Paris between the Wars. In 1928 she became the mistress of wealthy art collector from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Baron Raoul Kuffner. After the death of his wife in 1933, the Baron married Lempicka in 1934, and thereafter she became known in the press as "The Baroness with a Brush."

Following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, she and her husband moved to the United States and she painted celebrity portraits, as well as still-lifes and, in the 1960s, some abstract paintings. Her work was out of fashion after World War II, but made a comeback in the late 1960s, with the rediscovery of Art Deco. She moved to Mexico in 1974, where she died in 1980. At her request, her ashes were scattered over the Popocatapetl volcano. More on Tamara Łempicka

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01 Work, The Art Of The Nude, with footnotes # 54

Lawrence Schiller (American, born 1936)

Marilyn Monroe, Something's Got To Give, May 23, 1962

C-print

20 x 24 in. (50.8 x 61 cm.)

Private collection

Marilyn Monroe, original name Norma Jeane Mortenson, later called Norma Jeane Baker, Jeane sometimes spelled Jean, (born June 1, 1926, Los Angeles, California, U.S.—died August 5, 1962, Los Angeles), American actress who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s.

Her mother was frequently confined in an asylum, and Norma Jeane was reared by 12 successive sets of foster parents and, for a time, in an orphanage. In 1942 she married a fellow worker in an aircraft factory, but they divorced soon after World War II. She became a popular photographer’s model and in 1946 signed a short-term contract with Twentieth Century-Fox, taking as her screen name Marilyn Monroe. After a few brief appearances in movies made by the Fox and Columbia studios, she was again unemployed, and she returned to modeling for photographers. 

In 1950 Monroe played a small uncredited role in The Asphalt Jungle that reaped a mountain of fan mail. An appearance in All About Eve (1950) won her another contract from Fox and much recognition. She advanced to star billing on the strength of her studio-fostered image as a “love goddess.” In 1954 she married baseball star Joe DiMaggio.

Monroe studied with Lee Strasberg at the Actors’ Studio in New York City, and began to emerge as a talented comedian. In 1956 she married playwright Arthur Miller and briefly retired from moviemaking. She won critical acclaim for the first time as a serious actress for Some Like It Hot (1959). Her last role, in The Misfits (1961), was written by Miller, whom she had divorced the year before.

In 1962 Monroe began filming the comedy Something’s Got to Give. However, she was frequently absent from the set because of illnesses In June Monroe was fired from the film. Although she was later rehired, work never resumed. After several months as a virtual recluse, Monroe died from an overdose of sleeping pills in her Los Angeles home. Her death was ruled a “probable suicide,” though conspiracy theories persisted. More on Marilyn Monroe

Lawrence Schiller is an American producer, screenwriter, and photographer best known for his candid photos of Marilyn Monroe. For almost 35 years, Schiller collaborated with Norman Mailer to create several films together, including Executioner's Song (1982), for which Mailer received the Pulitzer Prize. “I never considered myself a good photographer. I still don't,” he has said. “I thought of myself as a hard worker. My camera was a sponge and I had an instinct that athletes have—anticipation.” Born on December 28, 1936 in Brooklyn, NY, was raised in San Diego and attended Pepperdine College in Los Angeles. After graduating, he held photojournalist positions at Time, The Sunday Times, The Saturday Evening Post, and Newsweek. The artist later broke into the world of film by directing part of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid in 1969 and Lady Sings the Blues in 1972. Over the course of his career, Schiller has captured images of several important and notorious figures in American history including Lee Harvey Oswald, Muhammad Ali, and Richard Nixon. He currently lives and works between Los Angeles, CA and New York, NY. More on Lawrence Schiller

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01 Work, The Art Of The Nude, with footnotes # 53

Frank Eugene (American, 1865–1938)

Adam and Eve , 1898–1899

Photogravure

17.8 x 12.7 cm. (7 x 5 in.)

Private collection

Adam and Eve, according to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, were the first man and woman and the ancestors of all humans. The story of Adam and Eve is central to the belief that YHWH created human beings to live in a paradise on earth, although they fell away from that state and formed the present world full of suffering and injustice. It provides the basis for the belief that humanity is in essence a single family, with everyone descended from a single pair of original ancestors. It also provides much of the scriptural basis for the doctrines of the fall of man and original Sin, important beliefs in Christianity, although not generally shared by Judaism or Islam. More on Adam and Eve

Born in New York, Frank Eugene spent most of his life in Germany, where he was an important figure in avant-garde photography and photographic education. He traveled to Germany for the first time in 1886 to attend the Bavarian Academy of Graphic Arts in Munich, and upon his return to New York in 1894, he studied photography and worked as a stage designer and portraitist. His strong painting background, combined with his expertise in etching and his affinity for Jugendstil, resulted in photographs with heavily manipulated surfaces and a hand-made sensibility. His Pictorialist works warranted his election to the Linked Ring Brotherhood in London in 1900 and recommended his work to Alfred Stieglitz, who in 1902 invited Eugene to be a founder-member of the Photo-Secession. Eugene devoted the majority of his time to serving as a photographic educator in Germany, first in Munich and then in Leipzig.

Frank Eugene was significant in the Pictorialist movement of the early 1900s; his pictures helped fortify the connection between painting and photography that led to the acceptance of photography as a fine art. His facility with painting, etching, and such photographic techniques as the gum bichromate and autochrome processes have distinguished him as an accomplished practitioner of early-twentieth-century photography. Lisa Hostetler

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01 Work, The Art Of The Nude, with footnotes # 88

Marcel Gromaire, (1892-1971)

Torse au bouquet/ Torso with bouquet, c. 1930 

Oil on canvas

31 7/8 x 25 5/8 in

Private collection

Marcel Gromaire (24 July 1892 – 11 April 1971) was a French painter. He painted many works on social subjects, and is often associated with Social Realism, however, one can say that Gromaire created an independent oeuvre far away from groups and movements

Gromaire was born in Noyelles-sur-Sambre, France. He studied classically at Douai, then continued his studies in Paris, receiving his Baccalauréat in Law in 1909, a judiciary career path he quickly abandoned. He frequented studios in Montparnasse, and attended classes at Académie de La Palette. In 1912, he performed his military service in Lille when the war began and spent the next six years in the army and was wounded in 1916 in the Battle of the Somme.

Gromaire returned to Paris, working in a Paris studio. A meeting with the collector, Doctor Girardin, established his career as an artist when he purchased the entirety of the work of Gromaire. When Girardin died in 1953, the Museum of Modern Art in Paris received 78 oil paintings as well as a collection of watercolours.

Gromaire was recognized very early by galleries and museums. Already in 1931 Pierre Matisse exhibited Gromaire's work at the inauguration of his New York gallery. In 1933, a retrospective at the Kunsthalle de Baie established the importance of his body of works. In 1937, his work was exhibited by orders of the State at the Paris Exposition Internationale.

Gromaire painted a little over seven hundred canvases, an average of about ten per year.

Gromaire also taught; among his pupils was the painter and sculptor Jeanne Patterson Miles. More on Marcel Gromaire

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